Bone Cancer
Bone cancer is a malignant (cancerous) tumor of the bone that destroys
normal bone tissue. Not all bone tumors are malignant. In fact, benign
(noncancerous) bone tumors are more common than malignant ones. Both malignant
and benign bone tumors may grow and compress healthy bone tissue, but
benign tumors do not spread, do not destroy bone tissue, and are rarely
a threat to life.
Malignant tumors that begin in bone tissue are called primary bone cancer.
Cancer that metastasizes (spreads) to the bones from other parts of the
body, such as the breast, lung, or prostate, is called metastatic cancer,
and is named for the organ or tissue in which it began. Primary bone cancer
is far less common than cancer that spreads to the bones.
Are there different types of primary bone cancer?
Yes. Cancer can begin in any type of bone tissue. Bones are made up of
osteoid (hard or compact), cartilaginous (tough, flexible), and fibrous
(threadlike) tissue, as well as elements of bone marrow (soft, spongy
tissue in the center of most bones).
Common types of primary bone cancer include the following:
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Osteosarcoma, which arises from osteoid tissue in the bone. This tumor occurs most often
in the knee and upper arm.
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Chondrosarcoma, which begins in cartilaginous tissue. Cartilage pads the ends of bones
and lines the joints. Chondrosarcoma occurs most often in the pelvis (located
between the hip bones), upper leg, and shoulder. Sometimes a chondrosarcoma
contains cancerous bone cells. In that case, doctors classify the tumor
as an osteosarcoma.
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The Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors (ESFTs), which usually occur in bone but may also arise in soft tissue
(muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue).
Scientists think that ESFTs arise from elements of primitive nerve tissue
in the bone or soft tissue (2). ESFTs occur most commonly along the backbone
and pelvis and in the legs and arms (3).
Other types of cancer that arise in soft tissue are called soft tissue
sarcomas. They are not bone cancer and are not described in this resource.
What are the possible causes of bone cancer?
Although bone cancer does not have a clearly defined cause, researchers
have identified several factors that increase the likelihood of developing
these tumors. Osteosarcoma occurs more frequently in people who have had
high-dose external radiation therapy or treatment with certain anticancer
drugs; children seem to be particularly susceptible. A small number of
bone cancers are due to heredity. For example, children who have had hereditary
retinoblastoma (an uncommon cancer of the eye) are at a higher risk of
developing osteosarcoma, particularly if they are treated with radiation.
Additionally, people who have hereditary defects of bones and people with
metal implants, which doctors sometimes use to repair fractures, are more
likely to develop osteosarcoma. Ewing sarcoma is not strongly associated
with any heredity cancer syndromes, congenital childhood diseases, or
previous radiation exposure.
Source: National Cancer Institute
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